Chapter 35 section 1-5

                                                                                                                                                                 Chapter 35

section 1

1.brasilia- kubitschek  encouraged foreign investment to help pay for development projects.

  land reform-distributing land to the peasants.

  standard of living- level of maternal comfort which is judged by the amount of goods people have.

  recession- slowdown in the economy.

2.

Nation	Steps toward democracy
Brazil	With over 100 million voters, Brazil is one of the biggest democracies in the world. Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II and witnessed the consolidation of representative democracy, mainly due to successive elections and unrestricted freedom of the press.
Mexico	After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect the Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. This was a major step toward democracy in Mexico.
Argentina	Up until about the mid-20th century, much of Argentina's history was dominated by periods of internal political conflict between Federalists and Unitarians and between civilian and military factions. After World War II, an era of Peronist authoritarian rule and interference in subsequent governments was followed by a military junta that took power in 1976.

3.the military played a large role in shaping the economy of Brazil after a coup which lasted until 1945. The following economy was marked by high inflation, economic stagnation, and the increasing influence of radical political elements. The armed forces, alarmed by these developments, staged another coup on March 31, 1964.

4.They tried to improve life for peasants and workers; carried out land reform. promoted labor rights

5.It helped Thatcher's government to victory in the 1983 general election

section 2.

1. federal government- a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant

   martial law-Military government involving the suspension of ordinary law.

  dissident- A person who opposes official policy,

   apartheid- (in South Africa) A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race.

   nelson mandela- served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999

2. although both are democratic south africa is making large advancement in goverment. South Africa is widely seen as the most democratic of any nation in Africa and far more than Nigeria but Nigeria is making slow progress. It will take time but things can get better.

3. In Africa, the newly independent nations maintained their imperially defined boundaries to this day.

4. the Nigerian government didn't punish the igbo instead they used federal money to rebuild the igbo region

5. nominally independent ethnic territories created for blacks under apartheid

section 3

1. politburo-The principal policy making committee of a Communist Party.

mikhail gorbachev- Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War

glasnost-The policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information,

perestroika- (in the former Soviet Union) The policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system.

boris yeltsin- Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was the first President of the Russian Federation

CIS-Commonwealth of Independent States: an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics

shock therapy- Sudden and drastic measures taken to solve an intractable problem.

2.

3.managers were given more control over their farms and factories

4. As the Russian federation president, Yeltsin had serious problems after the breakup of the Soviet Union such a bankruptcy. It also happened that various nationalities in the Soviet Union began calling for their own freedom.

5. Putin was the strong-willed prime minister of Russia at he time he pursed war with the Chechens and drove them back.

section 4.

1. solidarity-Unity or agreement of feeling or action

lech walesa- Walesa: Polish labor leader and statesman (born in 1943).

reunification-  the act of coming together again;

ethnic cleansing- The mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.

2.

former nations	reasons for breakup
yugoslavia	ethnic conflict
czechoslovakia	economic problems

3.In 80-ties the Solidarity movement had over 10 million members, that was the force that would scare any government. It shown that Communism has no support in polish society. In 90- ties the government must've deal with Solidarity and reform the country.

4.they were now committed to human rights & democracy

5. president havel pleas for unity a movement to split the nation & gained support among people

section 5

1. zhou enlai- (1898–1976), Chinese communist statesman

deng xiaoping- 1904–97), Chinese communist statesman

four modernizations- The Four Modernizations were goals set forth by Zhou Enlai in 1963, and which were a focus of the Chinese government.

tiananmen square- A square in the center of Beijing adjacent to the Forbidden City,

2

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3. His policies are said to have destroyed economic growth.

4.He embraced a set of goals known as the Four Modernizations. These called for progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology.

5. I would describe China's record on human rights to be poor.